CivilSociety Resource / Reference Library
Entrepreneurship, personal development, life coaching, return migration, research on inter-communal stress, and the Middle East
Listed by author, with links to Amazon.com for more information (when possible)
See also: The WWW Virtual Library on Migration and Ethnic Relations
Entrepreneurship, personal development, life coaching, return migration, research on inter-communal stress, and the Middle East
Listed by author, with links to Amazon.com for more information (when possible)
See also: The WWW Virtual Library on Migration and Ethnic Relations
3. Iraq
Adams, Doris G. Iraq's People and Resources
1980 study of the Iraqi peoples': demographics, sociality, aspirations.
Al-Khayat, Sana. Honor and Shame: Women in Modern Iraq
Al-Nasrawi, Abbas. The Economy of Iraq, Oil, Wars, Destruction of Development and Prospects, 1950-2010
Excellent overview of the impact of oil and globalization of the economy of Iraq.
Anderson, Liam. The Future of Iraq : Dictatorship, Democracy or Division?
Axelgard, Frederick. Iraq in transition: A political, economic, and strategic perspective (Westview special studies on the Middle East)
Baali, Fuad. Relation of the People to the Land in Southern Iraq
Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq
Beck, Sara and Malcolm Downing. The Battle for Iraq (published 2003 by BBC News)
Look in this book for a mainline, UK media perspective on how and why the 2003 war happened. Beyond shallow newsbytes, this report goes deeper into the macro forces behind the pro and con debates for the 2003 war. Favorite Quotes:
—There was more to this than a dictator’s vanity. It was a careful and conscious political strategy to provide the Iraqi leader with such a sense of permanence in the eyes of his people that any alternative would seem unthinkable. It was the very essence of totalitarianism.
— “The majority of the Arab leaders feel challenged by the idea of a new Iraq,” the Jordanian political commentator Uriab Rantawi told me from his office in central Amman. “Iraqi oil will rival Saudi oil on the world markets. A moderate Iraq with strong ties to the West would challenge Egypt’s regional role. A democratic Iraq would challenge all Arab countries.”
—“There are 22 members of the Arab League and not a democracy among them,” he said “The main obstacle to change is our own rulers. The coalition took on the worst of them and threatened the others and they’re responding. Egypt is now proposing to abolish state security courts and hard labour and set up a higher council for human rights. It may be cosmetic but it might at least allow civil society to begin to work.”
— The easiest way to secure large supplies of oil from Iraq, and lower prices, would always have been to ignore Saddam’s misdeeds, lift sanctions, and let the oil flow freely again. This isn’t to deny that the US may try to exploit its position after the war, or that it may apply pressure on Iraq to undermine OPEC by increasing production.
Benedikter, R. "Overcoming ethnic division in Iraq: A model from Europe"
SECURITY DIALOGUE, 35, (2): 263-266, JUNE 2004
BERGEN, P. and Reynolds, A. "Blowback Revisited: today's insurgents in Iraq are tomorrow's terrorists" FOREIGN AFFAIRS, 84(6): 2-6, November-December 2005.
Braude, Joseph. The New Iraq: Rebuilding the Country for Its People, the Middle East, and the World
Carr, Caleb. Lessons of Terror: A History of Warfare against civilians: why it has always failed, and why it will fail again.
(2002), New York: Random House.
Chatelard, Geraldine. Working Paper No. 61, 'Jordan as a transit country: semi-protectionist immigration policies and their Effects on Iraqi Forced Migrants' (Florence, Italy: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, 2002).
CivilSocietyIraq References & Links
resources page with some links and resources in addition to those mentioned here
Dobbins, James, et al. America's Role in Nation-Building : From Germany to Iraq
Drake, Laura. 'Implosion of Iraq' in Middle East Insight March 1996.
The first work I know of that addressed the potential return to tribal warfare and feudalism in Iraq.
El Sakkakini, Widad. First Among Sufis: The Life and Thought of Rabia al-Adawiyya, the Woman Saint of Basra
Fernea, Elizabeth. Guests of the Sheik: An Ethnography of an Iraqi Village
Personal encounters with village people of southern Iraq in the early 1900s.
Fernea, Robert and Louis, William. The Iraqi Revolution of 1958: The Old Social Classes Revisited
Fernea, John. Shaykh and Effendi;: Changing patterns of authority among the El Shabana of southern Iraq
Friedman, Thomas. 'It's No Vietnam', New York Times, OP-ED, October 30, 2003
Harris, George L. Iraq: Its People, Its Society, Its culture.
This is one of the most-complete works descibing the evolution of Iraqi cultures. My favorite quotes:
p. 15. The many Arabs, mostly Christian, living under Persian rule in lower Iraq at first supported their Persian masters against the Moslem invaders but gradually transferred their allegience. Persian power was completely submerged once the Arabs decided to occupy the area west of the Euphrates. Final subjugation of Iraq was accomplished under the second caliph, Omar, in a decisive battle at Al Qadisiyah in 637. The religion and, somewhat more slowly, the language of the conquerors were accepted by the majority of the population. The civilization of Iraq entered into a new phase with the advent of Islam but its essential continuity was not broken, and far from accepting the cultural elements brought by the victors it assimilated them so thoroughly that the Arab golden age that followed centered in Iraq, not Arabia. In this fusion it was the Arabs rather than the old population of Mesopotamia that were culturally absorbed.
Pg16—The Shiite doctrines attribute to Ali and his descendants a divine right to rule, a claim which accords with ancient Persian theories concerning the basis of kingly power. It contrasts with the Sunnite view, which emphasizes as the practical test of legitimacy the actual possession of power.
—The individual is bound to his kinsmen by a network of mutual obligations which is strongest within the extended family but which can also draw the whole lineage together in instances of any external threat. Where there are several lineages within a village, for example, rivalry is common and not infrequently leads to feuds; but in dealing with the outside world the village usually proves itself capable of acting as a unit.
The extended family, uniting a group of closely related males and their wives and children, has long been a more important unit of work and residence in the Iraqi village than the nuclear family composed of a married couple and their children.
—the non-kinship patterns of association found in the villages are perhaps more reliable than any other indicator in determining village class structure. The only formally organized groups found in Iraqi villages are the religious tariqahs (associations).Males of all classes may join a tariqah, and , theoretically at least, class lines are wiped out by membership; this is not true in fact, however, since the tariqahs are almost invariably controlled by men who are village leaders for other reasons There is little evidence, moreover, that contacts initiated within the tariqah carry over into other aspects of life.
--The bulk of the population continues to rely on the informal word-of-mouth communications which are the traditional news channels of the Middle East. The coffeehouse provides a center where news is read aloud and broadcasts are interpreted and discussed, later to reappear in distorted form as gossip in the marketplace or rumors in the public bath or in the courtyard of the mosque. The bedouin obtains news during infrequent visits to towns and villages and from wayfarers and merchants. On the rare occasions when a newspaper fins its way into a tribal area a sayyid (a person claiming descent from the Prophet Mohammed who often functions as a religious leader) may read and interpret it, but the average bedouin’s zest for information traditionally has been limited to news concerning one’s family and tribal matters .With the exercise of increasing control over tribal affairs by the government, it is likely that the bedouin’s interest in events outside his own home is being whetted by access to the radio sets which are being acquired by more and more bedouin (and Kurdish) tribal leaders.
The rumor and gossip circulated by informal channels are not subjected to critical scrutiny or any process of verification. The significance of reports is magnified or minimized indiscriminately ; consequently the factual and emotional content of public opinion varies widely from place to place and is inevitably based upon a mixture of truths, half-truths, and falsehoods.
—The merchant in the Middle East traditionally has functioned as more than the link between producer and consumer. When he actually traveled with his goods he was the conveyor of news between towns and villages, and was often moneylender as well as trader. Many Iraqi merchants still combine these activities, but the trend is toward greater specialization and the new businessman is less than both merchant and banker.
—Two essentials of modern commerce—adequate credit and systematic market information—have developed only slowly and with difficulty in Moslem countries. Traditionally the religious injunction against the taking of interest worked against the growth of credit institutions in Moslem society, and Moslem merchant was forced to resort to devious and generally disapproved means of obtaining credit. A further handicap was present in the indifference of the old-style merchant to statistical information, which was no doubt related to his highly personal and informal way of doing business. Direct and indirect western influence, including the example of the European and indigenous non-Moslem enterprises in the country, has produced a new generation of Iraqi Moslem businessmen who have adopted modern methods and deprecate the religious inhibitions and “backwardness” of their more conservative co-religionists.
—The tradition family in Iraq, as elsewhere in the Middle East, in addition to providing its members with support and social orientation in childhood, remains throughout their lives a primary agency for economic cooperation, social control, and mutual protection. The first loyalty of an individual is to his family—on whose wealth, welfare, and reputation are his own are to a considerable degree dependant. Prescriptions relating to family honor are binding, and there is a strong tradition of kin solidarity, reinforced by Islam but long antedating its event. Relatives may quarrel but in the face of an outside threat the family displays its fundamental cohesiveness.
Deeply ingrained family loyalty manifests itself in business and public life no less than in domestic matters and personal relationships. The mutually protective attitude of relatives is taken as a matter of course and kinsmen are expected to render one another special favors and services. Taken for granted, the widespread practice of securing employment and favored treatment for relatives bears no stigma of nepotism and relatives tend to be preferred business partners since they are more “reliable” than persons over whom one does not have the hold of kinship ties.
Holzmann, John, ed. Church of the East (Edited and Condensed Version of Nestorian Missionary Enterprise. Rev. John Steward )
Significant description of the early spread of Christianity through the Middle East into Central Asia. There was a considerable Christian influence in the development of the Middle Eastern tribes into cooperative societies working for the common good, overcoming traditional tribal rivalries and animosities.
International Crisis Group. . IRAQ: BUILDING A NEW SECURITY STRUCTURE, 23 December 2003. ICG Middle East Report Nj20. Baghdad/Brussels.
This excellent report gives a full history and recommendations to improve the security situation in Iraq.
Iraq Institute for Strategic Studies. Beirut.
Outstanding collection of reports, books, and links on many aspects of Iraq history, politics and development.
Jabar, Faleh A. The Shi'Ite Movement in Iraq
Jabar, Faleh A. Ayatollahs, Sufis and Ideologues : State, Religion and Social Movements in Iraq
Jabar, Faleh and Dawod, Hosham. Tribes and Power: Nationalism and Ethnicity in the Middle East
Joffe AH. "The environmental legacy of Saddam Husayn: The archaeology of totalitarianism in modern Iraq"
CRIME LAW AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 33, (4): 313-328, JUNE 2000
Kay, David. Denial and Deception: Iraq and Beyond. 1994, Consortium for the Study of Intelligence, Washington, DC.
Mackay, Sandra. The Reckoning: Iraq and the Legacy of Saddam Hussein
Malinowski, Jon C. Iraq: Geographic Perspectives
Very concise treatment of Iraq, used in western university classes with Middle Eastern topics
Marr, Phebe. Modern History of Iraq
This is the standard reference book on how modern Iraq came to be, and what were the missed opportunities for tribes to cooperate to build a greater and civil world power.
Metz, Helen Chapin. Iraq: A Country Study (Area Handbook Series)
The standard reference book on Iraq with overviews, statistics.
Nakash, Yitzhak The Shi'is of Iraq
Description of Shi'a culture, with comparison to Sunni expressions in Iraq. Very well documented and referenced, with good insights into the very significant differences between the tribes and tribal alliances of Iraq.
Nestorian.org. The Fall of Baghdad in 1258 to the grandsons of Genghis Khan
Scudder, Lewis R. III The Arabian Mission's Story: In Search of Abraham's Other Son
The only comprehensive history of the western Christian contribution to the Gulf region, including the early building of hospitals and schools and nurturing of the self-development of the modern Gulf Arab city-states. Well-documented and supported with personal anecdotes of the lives and times of development work in the early 1900s.
Tabataba'i, 'Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn, translated. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein _Shi'ite Islam_ (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1977).
UNICEF. Child Survival in Wartime: A Case Study from Iraq (Paris: UNICEF, 1990).
UNHCR. Preliminary Repatriation and Reintegration Plan for Iraq (Geneva: UNHCR, 2003).
Van Ess, Dorothy. "Fatima and her Sisters." (John Day Company, New York, 1961)
I have a copy of this book (out of print at present) and find it a very useful personal story of a journey into the homes and lives of Iraqi women living in the early 1900s in southern Iraq.
Van Ess, Dorothy. Pioneers in the Arab World
Van Ess, John. Spoken Arabic of Iraq
Wagoner, Merrill. Spoken Iraqi Arabic
Wilbur, Ken. "War in Iraq", viewed 22/February/2004
Wimmer, Andreas. 'Democracy and Ethnoreligious Conflict in Iraq' in _Survival_ 45 no. 4, Winter 2003-4, 111-134.
1980 study of the Iraqi peoples': demographics, sociality, aspirations.
Al-Khayat, Sana. Honor and Shame: Women in Modern Iraq
Al-Nasrawi, Abbas. The Economy of Iraq, Oil, Wars, Destruction of Development and Prospects, 1950-2010
Excellent overview of the impact of oil and globalization of the economy of Iraq.
Anderson, Liam. The Future of Iraq : Dictatorship, Democracy or Division?
Axelgard, Frederick. Iraq in transition: A political, economic, and strategic perspective (Westview special studies on the Middle East)
Baali, Fuad. Relation of the People to the Land in Southern Iraq
Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq
Beck, Sara and Malcolm Downing. The Battle for Iraq (published 2003 by BBC News)
Look in this book for a mainline, UK media perspective on how and why the 2003 war happened. Beyond shallow newsbytes, this report goes deeper into the macro forces behind the pro and con debates for the 2003 war. Favorite Quotes:
—There was more to this than a dictator’s vanity. It was a careful and conscious political strategy to provide the Iraqi leader with such a sense of permanence in the eyes of his people that any alternative would seem unthinkable. It was the very essence of totalitarianism.
— “The majority of the Arab leaders feel challenged by the idea of a new Iraq,” the Jordanian political commentator Uriab Rantawi told me from his office in central Amman. “Iraqi oil will rival Saudi oil on the world markets. A moderate Iraq with strong ties to the West would challenge Egypt’s regional role. A democratic Iraq would challenge all Arab countries.”
—“There are 22 members of the Arab League and not a democracy among them,” he said “The main obstacle to change is our own rulers. The coalition took on the worst of them and threatened the others and they’re responding. Egypt is now proposing to abolish state security courts and hard labour and set up a higher council for human rights. It may be cosmetic but it might at least allow civil society to begin to work.”
— The easiest way to secure large supplies of oil from Iraq, and lower prices, would always have been to ignore Saddam’s misdeeds, lift sanctions, and let the oil flow freely again. This isn’t to deny that the US may try to exploit its position after the war, or that it may apply pressure on Iraq to undermine OPEC by increasing production.
Benedikter, R. "Overcoming ethnic division in Iraq: A model from Europe"
SECURITY DIALOGUE, 35, (2): 263-266, JUNE 2004
BERGEN, P. and Reynolds, A. "Blowback Revisited: today's insurgents in Iraq are tomorrow's terrorists" FOREIGN AFFAIRS, 84(6): 2-6, November-December 2005.
Braude, Joseph. The New Iraq: Rebuilding the Country for Its People, the Middle East, and the World
Carr, Caleb. Lessons of Terror: A History of Warfare against civilians: why it has always failed, and why it will fail again.
(2002), New York: Random House.
Chatelard, Geraldine. Working Paper No. 61, 'Jordan as a transit country: semi-protectionist immigration policies and their Effects on Iraqi Forced Migrants' (Florence, Italy: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, 2002).
CivilSocietyIraq References & Links
resources page with some links and resources in addition to those mentioned here
Dobbins, James, et al. America's Role in Nation-Building : From Germany to Iraq
Drake, Laura. 'Implosion of Iraq' in Middle East Insight March 1996.
The first work I know of that addressed the potential return to tribal warfare and feudalism in Iraq.
El Sakkakini, Widad. First Among Sufis: The Life and Thought of Rabia al-Adawiyya, the Woman Saint of Basra
Fernea, Elizabeth. Guests of the Sheik: An Ethnography of an Iraqi Village
Personal encounters with village people of southern Iraq in the early 1900s.
Fernea, Robert and Louis, William. The Iraqi Revolution of 1958: The Old Social Classes Revisited
Fernea, John. Shaykh and Effendi;: Changing patterns of authority among the El Shabana of southern Iraq
Friedman, Thomas. 'It's No Vietnam', New York Times, OP-ED, October 30, 2003
Harris, George L. Iraq: Its People, Its Society, Its culture.
This is one of the most-complete works descibing the evolution of Iraqi cultures. My favorite quotes:
p. 15. The many Arabs, mostly Christian, living under Persian rule in lower Iraq at first supported their Persian masters against the Moslem invaders but gradually transferred their allegience. Persian power was completely submerged once the Arabs decided to occupy the area west of the Euphrates. Final subjugation of Iraq was accomplished under the second caliph, Omar, in a decisive battle at Al Qadisiyah in 637. The religion and, somewhat more slowly, the language of the conquerors were accepted by the majority of the population. The civilization of Iraq entered into a new phase with the advent of Islam but its essential continuity was not broken, and far from accepting the cultural elements brought by the victors it assimilated them so thoroughly that the Arab golden age that followed centered in Iraq, not Arabia. In this fusion it was the Arabs rather than the old population of Mesopotamia that were culturally absorbed.
Pg16—The Shiite doctrines attribute to Ali and his descendants a divine right to rule, a claim which accords with ancient Persian theories concerning the basis of kingly power. It contrasts with the Sunnite view, which emphasizes as the practical test of legitimacy the actual possession of power.
—The individual is bound to his kinsmen by a network of mutual obligations which is strongest within the extended family but which can also draw the whole lineage together in instances of any external threat. Where there are several lineages within a village, for example, rivalry is common and not infrequently leads to feuds; but in dealing with the outside world the village usually proves itself capable of acting as a unit.
The extended family, uniting a group of closely related males and their wives and children, has long been a more important unit of work and residence in the Iraqi village than the nuclear family composed of a married couple and their children.
—the non-kinship patterns of association found in the villages are perhaps more reliable than any other indicator in determining village class structure. The only formally organized groups found in Iraqi villages are the religious tariqahs (associations).Males of all classes may join a tariqah, and , theoretically at least, class lines are wiped out by membership; this is not true in fact, however, since the tariqahs are almost invariably controlled by men who are village leaders for other reasons There is little evidence, moreover, that contacts initiated within the tariqah carry over into other aspects of life.
--The bulk of the population continues to rely on the informal word-of-mouth communications which are the traditional news channels of the Middle East. The coffeehouse provides a center where news is read aloud and broadcasts are interpreted and discussed, later to reappear in distorted form as gossip in the marketplace or rumors in the public bath or in the courtyard of the mosque. The bedouin obtains news during infrequent visits to towns and villages and from wayfarers and merchants. On the rare occasions when a newspaper fins its way into a tribal area a sayyid (a person claiming descent from the Prophet Mohammed who often functions as a religious leader) may read and interpret it, but the average bedouin’s zest for information traditionally has been limited to news concerning one’s family and tribal matters .With the exercise of increasing control over tribal affairs by the government, it is likely that the bedouin’s interest in events outside his own home is being whetted by access to the radio sets which are being acquired by more and more bedouin (and Kurdish) tribal leaders.
The rumor and gossip circulated by informal channels are not subjected to critical scrutiny or any process of verification. The significance of reports is magnified or minimized indiscriminately ; consequently the factual and emotional content of public opinion varies widely from place to place and is inevitably based upon a mixture of truths, half-truths, and falsehoods.
—The merchant in the Middle East traditionally has functioned as more than the link between producer and consumer. When he actually traveled with his goods he was the conveyor of news between towns and villages, and was often moneylender as well as trader. Many Iraqi merchants still combine these activities, but the trend is toward greater specialization and the new businessman is less than both merchant and banker.
—Two essentials of modern commerce—adequate credit and systematic market information—have developed only slowly and with difficulty in Moslem countries. Traditionally the religious injunction against the taking of interest worked against the growth of credit institutions in Moslem society, and Moslem merchant was forced to resort to devious and generally disapproved means of obtaining credit. A further handicap was present in the indifference of the old-style merchant to statistical information, which was no doubt related to his highly personal and informal way of doing business. Direct and indirect western influence, including the example of the European and indigenous non-Moslem enterprises in the country, has produced a new generation of Iraqi Moslem businessmen who have adopted modern methods and deprecate the religious inhibitions and “backwardness” of their more conservative co-religionists.
—The tradition family in Iraq, as elsewhere in the Middle East, in addition to providing its members with support and social orientation in childhood, remains throughout their lives a primary agency for economic cooperation, social control, and mutual protection. The first loyalty of an individual is to his family—on whose wealth, welfare, and reputation are his own are to a considerable degree dependant. Prescriptions relating to family honor are binding, and there is a strong tradition of kin solidarity, reinforced by Islam but long antedating its event. Relatives may quarrel but in the face of an outside threat the family displays its fundamental cohesiveness.
Deeply ingrained family loyalty manifests itself in business and public life no less than in domestic matters and personal relationships. The mutually protective attitude of relatives is taken as a matter of course and kinsmen are expected to render one another special favors and services. Taken for granted, the widespread practice of securing employment and favored treatment for relatives bears no stigma of nepotism and relatives tend to be preferred business partners since they are more “reliable” than persons over whom one does not have the hold of kinship ties.
Holzmann, John, ed. Church of the East (Edited and Condensed Version of Nestorian Missionary Enterprise. Rev. John Steward )
Significant description of the early spread of Christianity through the Middle East into Central Asia. There was a considerable Christian influence in the development of the Middle Eastern tribes into cooperative societies working for the common good, overcoming traditional tribal rivalries and animosities.
International Crisis Group. . IRAQ: BUILDING A NEW SECURITY STRUCTURE, 23 December 2003. ICG Middle East Report Nj20. Baghdad/Brussels.
This excellent report gives a full history and recommendations to improve the security situation in Iraq.
Iraq Institute for Strategic Studies. Beirut.
Outstanding collection of reports, books, and links on many aspects of Iraq history, politics and development.
Jabar, Faleh A. The Shi'Ite Movement in Iraq
Jabar, Faleh A. Ayatollahs, Sufis and Ideologues : State, Religion and Social Movements in Iraq
Jabar, Faleh and Dawod, Hosham. Tribes and Power: Nationalism and Ethnicity in the Middle East
Joffe AH. "The environmental legacy of Saddam Husayn: The archaeology of totalitarianism in modern Iraq"
CRIME LAW AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 33, (4): 313-328, JUNE 2000
Kay, David. Denial and Deception: Iraq and Beyond. 1994, Consortium for the Study of Intelligence, Washington, DC.
Mackay, Sandra. The Reckoning: Iraq and the Legacy of Saddam Hussein
Malinowski, Jon C. Iraq: Geographic Perspectives
Very concise treatment of Iraq, used in western university classes with Middle Eastern topics
Marr, Phebe. Modern History of Iraq
This is the standard reference book on how modern Iraq came to be, and what were the missed opportunities for tribes to cooperate to build a greater and civil world power.
Metz, Helen Chapin. Iraq: A Country Study (Area Handbook Series)
The standard reference book on Iraq with overviews, statistics.
Nakash, Yitzhak The Shi'is of Iraq
Description of Shi'a culture, with comparison to Sunni expressions in Iraq. Very well documented and referenced, with good insights into the very significant differences between the tribes and tribal alliances of Iraq.
Nestorian.org. The Fall of Baghdad in 1258 to the grandsons of Genghis Khan
Scudder, Lewis R. III The Arabian Mission's Story: In Search of Abraham's Other Son
The only comprehensive history of the western Christian contribution to the Gulf region, including the early building of hospitals and schools and nurturing of the self-development of the modern Gulf Arab city-states. Well-documented and supported with personal anecdotes of the lives and times of development work in the early 1900s.
Tabataba'i, 'Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn, translated. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein _Shi'ite Islam_ (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1977).
UNICEF. Child Survival in Wartime: A Case Study from Iraq (Paris: UNICEF, 1990).
UNHCR. Preliminary Repatriation and Reintegration Plan for Iraq (Geneva: UNHCR, 2003).
Van Ess, Dorothy. "Fatima and her Sisters." (John Day Company, New York, 1961)
I have a copy of this book (out of print at present) and find it a very useful personal story of a journey into the homes and lives of Iraqi women living in the early 1900s in southern Iraq.
Van Ess, Dorothy. Pioneers in the Arab World
Van Ess, John. Spoken Arabic of Iraq
Wagoner, Merrill. Spoken Iraqi Arabic
Wilbur, Ken. "War in Iraq", viewed 22/February/2004
Wimmer, Andreas. 'Democracy and Ethnoreligious Conflict in Iraq' in _Survival_ 45 no. 4, Winter 2003-4, 111-134.
seedwiki